Luther Paper Essay Research Paper Popes and free essay sample

Luther Paper Essay, Research Paper Popes and crowned heads battled over power and wealth during the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries ; and at the flood tide of these issues was a battle over who controlled religious and civil authorization. The Protestant Reformation is the name given to a spiritual and political development in the early sixteenth century. Martin Luther, a monastic from Germany, led the reformation. He said that the Roman Catholic Church was corrupt and that it should be reformed. Luther besides argued that a reformation was needed in other patterns. In peculiar, a complete inspection and repair was necessary in what linguistic communication that the Bible was produced in ( most people could non read Latin ) , the merchandising of indulgences, which was considered immoral by Luther and others, but had been standard pattern by some monastics and priests for old ages. The thoughts behind the Protestant Reformation were simple. The church should be changed, or reformed, so that it was less avaricious, fairer, and accessible to all people, non merely the rich and good educated. We will write a custom essay sample on Luther Paper Essay Research Paper Popes and or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The demand for alteration in the church was non wholly new one, for in England there had been similar protests in the fourteenth century, although those had been crushed. Desiderius Erasmus found himself naming for the reform of the church before Luther gained a batch of support for his thoughts, yet many people chose to follow Luther. Many people were unhappy with the Pope and the church, for some if its patterns were missing in piousness and it was for this ground that people demanded alteration. The taking Christian humanist of the Reformation epoch, who wished to reform the church through scholarly attempt, was Desiderius Erasmus. Erasmus wanted to seek the simple, original significance of the scriptural text and do it meaningful for the common adult male or adult female. He wanted to do the bible is such a manner that it was non beyond the comprehension and involvement of the common individual. As Erasmus # 8217 ; concern to analyze the original beginnings increased, he distinguished himself amongst many humanists who sought to simplify Christianity, to laud ground and to stress morality instead than ritual. The New Testament was the authorization for conveying about this much needed reform. It was Erasmus # 8217 ; end to blush out the church of these mistakes that he believed to be the simpleness of New Testament. Erasmus began his scholarly calling as a Renaissance adult male, wholly immersed in the thoughts of the past. But as Christian humanitarianism compelled his s urveies, he left many of the involvements that had interested him in the yesteryear. In the old ages 1499-1500, Erasmus visited England. This is where his manner of idea took a definite alteration. The alteration did non travel him off from his committedness to the original beginnings ( ad fontes ) , but at that place was displacement toward the Holy Scriptures as the head among beginnings. In Erasmus head, to detect the philological-historical significance of a scriptural transition, one must foremost use the method of textual unfavorable judgment. The original words of the writer must be recovered every bit far as possible by the Restoration of the text. Erasmus did this by emending the text of the New Testament, which had suffered considerable textual corruptness since its origin. It was in 1516 that Erasmus published the Novum Testamentum, the first critical edition of the New Testament. But Erasmus sought non merely the historical or actual significance of texts, but he desired that the texts conveying direction to the readers through the moral-spiritual sense of Scripture. Erasmus was the finest illustration of Renaissance scholarship stressing the original beginnings, which set him aside as a humanist. The ultimate beginning to which he returned was the Grecian New Testament. Coupled with the return to the beginnings was a genuinely historical apprehension of ancient texts. Erasmus did non desire Christians to merely follow the Word because a priest told them to ; instead, he wanted them to cognize why they were Christians. Luther # 8217 ; s committedness to the necessity for grammatical cognition and the mention of all Scripture to Christ surely reflect Erasmus # 8217 ; manner. In 1517, at the University of Wittenberg in Germany, Martin Luther wrote his 95 theses protesting the Catholic Church. Historians frequently mark this event as the beginning of the Reformation, but many people had been seeking to reform the Church for a long clip prior to Luther. Luther was non the first to dispute the leaders of the Catholic Church, for in the early 16th century, Erasmus led a motion to reform the Church. Although Erasmus laid the foundations for Luther’s Reformation, he did non interrupt with the Church because he would non give his belief for alterations in philosophy and pattern. Luther’s emphasis of reading, which included the subjects of justification and salvation in Christ, differed from Erasmus’ that focused on the instructions of Jesus. Luther’s primary end as translator was to subvert the mediaeval reading. Luther had admired Erasmus and had used his instructions, but in the 152Os, the two began to debate about reform. As Luther strayed farther from the Catholic Church, Erasmus clung to it, because even as they held some similar thoughts, their philosophical bases differed: Erasmus was slightly disbelieving and non as confident to proclaim that he knew the truths of God as was the dogmatic Luther. The corollary of Luth er’s theses was that Christians are saved by religion, and faith entirely, and that no sum of plants ( including the purchase of indulgences ) made any difference at all. Luther believed that Christ’s forfeit atones for all wickednesss, and it is merely necessary to believe in it to be saved. There is nil worlds can make by their ain attempts to add or take away from it. The Bibles as the lone beginning of true philosophy, analyzing and understanding the Bibles is hence of import to all trusters. Translating the Bible into clear linguistic communications and doing it available to all is indispensable. No celestial mediators are needed to mediate with God. Although the Virgin Mary, saints, and angels are all in heaven, they should non be the objects of supplication or fear. The devising of images encourages idolatrous worship that should be directed at the more abstract construct of God. Ultimately, this was a spiritual motion, even though there was economic and politic al clearly tied to it. Luther s call against church functionaries and their maltreatments decidedly had a theological subject behind it. Church functionaries were involved or engaged in sex, accepting money or devising of money off of the church for their personal addition, and outright greed were all touched upon in Luther s ninety-fives theses. Luther saw that there was a deficiency of dedication and trueness by church functionaries who, seem as if their patterns were questionable of spiritual work forces. Luther saw that people were concerned with the clergy, and he, hence, demanded that the church should be better. Erasmus had ever been admired and feared as a critic, but now people wanted to cognize where he stood. Not trusted by either Roman Catholics or Reformers, ever declining to take sides, he remained a Roman Catholic ; although he often associated with the Reformers. In his Colloquia ( Colloquies, 1518 ) , his go oning assaults on the immoralities and mistakes of the church governments and on superstitious notion made him vulnerable to the accusal that he was a Lutheran, a charge he vehemently denied. He was besides accused of hiding his true sentiments for fright of the effects. To counter this, Erasmus wrote a complete declaration of his theological place, De Libero Arbitrio ( On the Freedom of the Will, 1524 ) , which contains a superb onslaught on Luther. A countermove by Luther elicited a concluding polemist, or statement, by Erasmus, Hyperaspistes ( 1526 ) . It was for this ground that people were able to side with Luther as compared to Erasmus. Luther was willing to take a strong belief and stand steadfastly by it. Like many reformists, Erasmus saw the leaders of his Church mistreating their powers, and he endeavored to drive the Catholic Popes and cardinals and bishops back to the earlier, purer yearss of the Church. Erasmus is frequently regarded as a precursor of the Reformation, for it was his war against deficiency of instruction and superstitious notion, prompted by his strong beliefs as a humanist instead than as a theologian. Erasmus much like many other Humanists, believed in linguistics accomplishments, and he hence translated texts into Latin, a linguistic communication that merely the rich and good educated could understand. He was non a spiritual reformist, as was Luther. That is why Luther, and non other humanists or reformists of the twenty-four hours, had as much sway with the general populace. Luther was accessible to the common adult male in the manner that he called for reforms.

Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Essay Example

Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Essay Example Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Essay Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Essay I believe Apple Inc. [ largely referred as Apple in this papers ] has met the ethical and societal duty towards general populace. employees. clients and shareholders/investors. Apple places itself to be really environment witting and continuously working to cut down the pes print of the company and its merchandises on the planet ( Apple Inc. ) . Apple has a recycling plan for its used merchandises ; it sends gift cards to clients in return for the used merchandises. if the merchandises do non hold any pecuniary value they recycle them responsibly. Apple reports the environmental foot-print of each of its merchandise on their web site to demo how much energy efficient they are and how Apple is taking more biodegradable elements in its merchandises. packaging and installations. Apple has multiple offices and datacenters in United States and as of March 2013 70 five per centum of them are to the full powered through renewable energy beginnings ( Kastrenakes. 2013 ) . Apple is continuously seeking to better the state of affairs and taking to trust wholly on renewable energy beginnings in future. To better ethical consciousness within its employees. Apple has a concern codification of behavior published and easy available via intranet web site within the company and to its investors via stockholder web site ( Business codification. 2012 ) which explains in item on assorted subjects including its well known close manner of let go ofing its merchandises. Apple besides has a Business behavior helpline available for its employees to decide ethical quandary. study struggles of involvement and seek way in doing ethical determination. Recently Tim Cook. Apple CEO has reminded all employees to reexamine Apple’s concern behavior policy via corporate electronic mail ( Marie. 2013 ) which shows the importance Apple gives to Ethical motives within the company. Apple treats its employees really good ; wages reasonably good wages to employees and rates to contractors. Apple’s has a really good benefit plan for its employees. even the parttime employees are entitled to benefit s at apple ( Fiegerman. 2012 ) . it provides shuttle service to many locations from many topographic points in Bay country to campus. Apple merchandises are really safe compared to many other rival merchandises. Apple pays attending to inside informations. e. g. : To avoid tripping over a bear downing overseas telegram. Mac book courser has a magnet alternatively of a difficult stick in stopper as we observe in many Windows PCs. All of its merchandises are good thought and supply batch of convenience and see client wellness and safety. as we see in the instance of latest ear phones from Apple. they have the talkers traveling crabwise alternatively of straight in to ears as most of the conventional ear stoppers do. this restricts music straight hitting the ear membranophone and long term exposure may hold inauspicious impact on the ears. Apple merchandises are good sealed and inactive resistant. the stuffs used in production are non inexpensive and low quality parts. which improves the lastingness of its merchandises. Apple provides batch of fluctuations in merchandises to take. to a client which attracts clients at all degrees. There are about 10s to twelve spirits of latest iPhone based on colour. size of memory and external stuff. Apple has a really good refund policy. points can be returned online or returned in shop. there is about 14-30 yearss to return points. Apple provides full refund alternatively of bear downing for re-stocking fee. If there is a portion malfunction. apple merchandise can be exchanged for a new one within one twelvemonth of purchase for nominal or zero monetary value. Apple considers customer’s ailments and response quickly by multiple agencies and purposes to please the clients ( Denning. 2011 ) . Apple listens to clients at the shops. online and besides via telephone and improvises on its services. client support and besides their merchandises. It is really obvious that Apple takes good attention of its stockholders ; we can clearly detect that from Apple’s grosss and net incomes from past several quarters. Apple’s portion has gone up five times within past five old ages. Apple provides all of its quarterly. one-year studies along with fiscal statements and exhibits with SEC and complies with SEC policies. Question 2: Publications of moralss and societal duty misdemeanors of its providers. chiefly at Hon Hoi Precision. besides known as FoxConn had impact on Apple’s repute and chiefly no impact on gross revenues and portion value. In 2011 there were 14 self-destructions at FoxConn and subsequently on there were many public violences. suicide protests by workers against the really long working hours. deficiency of insurance. workplace safety. atrocious installation care. incidents of utilizing Child labour. deficiency of injured workers compensation. ground forces cantonment manner direction and others ( McGrath. 2012 ) . Apple has handled things really carefully and assigned right people and started redress methods. published supplier codification of behavior. increased audits in its provider houses. provided preparation. to better state of affairs and repute ; Tim Cook. the Chief executive officer of Apple talked about Foxconn and how his company is seeking to better the on the job conditio ns for employees and workers in its suppliers’ mills and how earnestly Apple is taking the allegations ( Knibbs ) . Apple’s repute had an impact during the clip of events. created a bombilation in media universe ; Apple got a bad name within its investors and interest holders. Subsequently on. Apple was able to pull off out of the state of affairs really good. Overall there is no impact to gross revenues or gross or Apple’s portion value. Apple portions might hold taken a little hit for few yearss when there were publications by media. but overall portion value was turning in 2010 and 2011 when all of studies were being published. Apple is still considered the most admired company in the whole universe as per Fortunes World’s most Admired companies for 2008-2013 ; six old ages in row ( Shaughnessy. 2013 ) . Apple merchandises are really good received in the market ; there are no antipathies or hatred towards Apple’s merchandises based on the allegations. We normally see the bead in gross revenues when there are negative allegations on companies. we have seen this in ins tance of Paula Deen based on her racial remarks and besides with Duck Dynasty and its merchandises when Phil Robertson has made anti-gay remarks and cause large dent in their repute. we have non seen this with Apple. When iPhone 5s was released in September of 2013. shops reported people standing in long lines at Apple and its spouse shops to acquire the first piece. Today there are hardcore fans to Apple merchandises than for any other company. Apple merchandises are turning popularity even in China where the allegations of atrocious working conditions have been reported. Based on my personal observation. Apple shops are among the most crowded shops at local promenades. Even with heavy competition for Samsung. LG. Nokia ( now Microsoft ) and Motorola. Apple iPhones are still most normally used smart phones in United States. Apple’s App shop has more than a Billion applications available to stop users. By detecting the Apple’s growing form. it is safe to state that the impact of provider misdemeanors is minor. Question 3: To better the on the job conditions and abide to Fair Law Association ( FLA ) policies Apple has come up with and published supplier codification of conduct ( Apple provider. 2012 ) for all its providers to adhere who provide parts to its merchandises. To guarantee that its providers adhere to pay and benefits criterions traveling frontward. Apple has to purely implement the supplier codification of conduct and besides increase the supervising and auditing of the provider mills. HR and pay axial rotation systems up to allowed by the local and international Torahs. Many of the regulations and ordinances which are illegal in US are acceptable in other states. As Apple’s providers are chiefly in other states than US. Apple can put up rigorous regulations and guidelines more near to US Torahs in add-on to local authorities policies and Fair Law Association ( FLA ) Torahs. as most of its merchandises are used by consumers in US. Apple can besides open up complaint/suggestion boxes ( online. in mill and via phone ) from workers in provider mills to understand and closely supervise the on the job conditions and acquire feedback on rewards and benefits. Apple can curtail the figure of hours a worker can work in its provider mills. Apple can make guidelines in its codification to hold onsite aid to speak with workers and understand their jobs and work with supplier mills to work out them. Apple can steer its providers to setup onsite and near to campus medical installations for workers working in its provider mills. Apple can work with local media and authorities to make studies from general populace about their provider patterns at mill installations. Apple should bespeak the moralss codification of behavior as one of the primary pre-requisite from their providers as portion of the initial RFP – Request for proposal. Apple should acquire feedback suppliers’ employees to understand how good the codification is followed by its upper direction in the company and should implement provider to better it before reclamation of contracts. Apple should halt purchasing parts from providers with corrupt repute. or providers with weak or no ethical codification of behavior. Apple should compare the on the job conditions and rewards of workers in its provider mills to competitor mills in the country and base on balls ordinances to better the rewards to run into market criterions. Question 4: Apple clients would be willing to pay more for its merchandises to provider better rewards and benefits to suppliers’ workers. Apple can do this happen by demoing the grounds behind addition in monetary values. and how extra money will be utilized for worker compensation and benefits. Apple should advertise in Television. publish articles on its web site and supply information to Media on how the extra money will be utilized. This is much similar to Ms. Lee Rhodes and her Glassybaby in the instance survey. Glassybaby gives 10 % of its grosss for malignant neoplastic disease intervention. Another suggestion that I can do is that. some per centum of addition in wages for workers should besides come from Apple’s net incomes to demo consumers that Apple is non merely bear downing more for merchandises but besides taking a cut in their net incomes to supply better working conditions for workers. Apple and its chief laminitis Steve Jobs do non hold really good name as Philant hropist. there is no public record that Steve Jobs has donated any money ( Sorkin. 2011 ) . After Tim Cook took over Apple’s CEO place. he has made some contributions but compared with other companies with high grosss and net incomes ; the contributions made by Apple are really negligible compared to its grosss and net incomes ( Emerson. 2012 ) . Apple can better its image and repute in the universe by giving some per centum of net incomes to suppliers’ workers through multiple plans and inducements. Today Apple’s merchandises are most popular in the market ; iPhone is the best selling smart phone out at that place in market. Apple and its merchandises have immense fan base and many of the rival smart phones from Samsung or Microsoft are non comparable to iPhone. With such a popularity. increasing a minor per centum E. g. : 3-5 % of monetary value will non hold any impact on merchandise gross revenues. Most of the Apple merchandises are sold with web connexion besides known as information program. the minimal information program is really expensive and costs up to $ 40 per month for many bearers. Some of Apple’s iPhone clients take informations program because they are intrigued with iPhone and Apple merchandises. When clients are willing to pay extra money for seldom used informations program as they stay home largely where there is Wi-Fi connexion as an option to data program. Customers should be willing to pass a spot more money to better working conditions and wages for suppliers’ workers. Question 5: Apple has first-class market scheme for its merchandises ; Everyone remembers those PC and Mac comparing commercials. which used to portray Apple’ Mac computing machines as cool and voguish for Generations X and Y and for everyone at place where as Microsoft Personal computer was shown as concern computing machine with bugs. In world. Microsoft runing system is more flexible and clients can custom-make and do alterations and create applications comparatively easy. where as you need to travel to App Store for installing/upgrading any iOS applications. Microsoft or Samsung devices allow users to copy MP3 files. and play them without any intermediary package such as iTunes. a compulsory application for Apple to copy vocals in to iOS applications. Even with less flexibleness Apple’s merchandises are extremely sold in market today due to its design and public presentation of its merchandises and chiefly it’s Marketing scheme. Apple does non truly advertise new versions of iPhone releases. instead it keeps it secret. there are no beta releases. and there are no images or commercials in the market before a new version iPhone is released. It creates bombilation in the market which generates enigma about its merchandise. In add-on to its ain selling. Apple’s iPhones are besides advertized by other companies such as web suppliers such as AT A ; T. Verizon and other companies which make protective instances and other accoutrements for iPhones. Apple maintains such secrecy before let go ofing its iPhone merchandises ; it has worked greatly for them. Another manner Apple merchandises are advertized is by word of oral cavity. Today many of smart phones in the market from Samsung. LG and Microsoft have similar maps as iPhone. but in my position the secrecy/mystery and word of oral cavity advertising for iPhone has helped to keep its leading in the market. To better competitory advantage over planetary market topographic point. Apple should sell its merchandises more in other states ; spread out its base out of US. The use of smart phones is at brink of acquiring impregnation in United States. consumers in US are tied to informations and voice programs from web suppliers in US. Until latest coevalss of iPhones. iphones were sold at a ulterior release day of the months in Europe. India and China than in United States. There is a batch of fan base for Apple in China and India. Apple should en hard currency that by doing merchandises low-cost in those states. Customers in US do non replace their phones until their contract ends with he web supplier. which is normally two old ages from the contract start day of the month. Most of the states outside of US are non bound to network/data programs for the phones as they use GSM engineering ; this provides flexibleness to consumers to purchase more than one phone in two old ages. Smart phones are acquiring more popular in India and china where the population is really high. Population of India and China combined is more than six times the population of United States ( CIA World Factbook ) ; if Apple can capture a little per centum of the market in those states it will hold more client base than it does in whole US which bring higher grosss. Apple should get down custom-making their merchandises and do them consumer friendly in other states. such as make bill of fare in native linguistic communications. make local usage applications etc. As word of oral cavity advertisement has proven working for Apple. they should get down giving some samples of their merchandises to famous persons in India where the common public tendency is to follow the famous persons and mime their merchandise use. It has worked for other companies and merchandises ; it should besides work for Apple. Apple should get down believing about doing their merchandises more flexible and easy to custom-make. Apple is really popular among trade name. but more savvy users with computing machine background started to tilt more towards Google Android based phones from Samsung and LG as they have more flexibleness and customization options. With computing machine accomplishments and techniques being really common to childs in Generation Y and Z. Apple should believe about concentrating on them and their gustatory sensations and Apple merchandises more flexible. Apple should introduce more. there have been some betterments and alterations to its merchandises in past 3 old ages but at that place has non been a WOW merchandise release. They should come in new markets. start coming up with new merchandises such as long anticipated Apple Television or they should acquire in to wearable appliances such as carpus tickers. spectacless. gesture controlled devices. devices with flexible screens and devices which look cool but monitor human body’s current wellness such as temperature. sugar degrees. blood force per unit area etc. Last but non least. Apple should better its altruist image ; they should get down donating more to needy and charitable foundations. That normally helps in both ways ; it improves the repute and besides works as advertizement. Mentions Apple Inc. ( n. d. ) . Apple and the environment. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. apple. com/environment/ Apple provider codification of behavior. ( 2012. JANUARY ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. apple. com/supplierresponsibility/pdf/Apple_Supplier_Code_of_Conduct. pdf Business codification. ( 2012. DECEMBER ) . Business conduct the manner we do concern worldwide. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //files. stockholder. com/downloads/AAPL/2916593555x0x443008/5f38b1e6-2f9c-4518-b691-13a29ac90501/business_conduct_policy. pdf CIA World Factbook. ( n. d. ) . Country comparing: : Population. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Central Intelligence Agency. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank. hypertext markup language Denning. S. ( 2011. AUGUST 26 ) . Another myth bites the dust: How apple listens to its clients. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. forbes. com/sites/stevedenn ing/2011/08/26/another-myth-bites-the-dust-how-apple-listens-to-its-customers/ Emerson. R. ( 2012. FEBRUARY 3 ) . Apple’s contributions to charity surpassed $ 50 million: Report. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/02/03/apple-charity-donation_n_1253185. html Fiegerman. S. ( 2012. JUNE 18 ) . Why working at apple is a dream occupation. BusinessInsider. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. businessinsider. com/heres-what-employees-really-love-about-working-for-apple-2012-6? op=1 Kastrenakes. J. ( 2013. MARCH 21 ) . Renewable energy now powers 75 per centum of apple’s installations. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theverge. com/2013/3/21/4132402/apple-now-using-75-percent-renewabl e-energy-across-operations Knibbs. K. ( n. d. ) . Apple chief executive officer negotiations foxconn. attempts to repair repute. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mobiledia. com/news/128273. hypertext mark up language Marie. ( 2013. NOVEMBER 21 ) . Tim cook reminds apple employees to reexamine apple’s concern behavior policy. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //mobileorchard. com/tim-cook-reminds-apple-employees-to-review-apples-business-conduct-policy/ McGrath. B. ( 2012. FEBRUARY 7 ) . Apple’s sweatshop supply concatenation. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. west southwest. org/en/articles/2012/02/appl-f07. hypertext markup language Sorkin. A. ( 2011. AUGUST 29 ) . The enigma of steve jobs’s public giving. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //dealbook. nytimes. com/2011/08/29/the-mystery-of-steve-jobss-public-giving/ ? _php=true A ; _type=blogs A ; _r=0 Shaughnessy. H. ( 2013. FEBRUARY 28 ) . Apple remains world’s most admired company. followed by Google and virago. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. forbes. com/sites/haydnshaughnessy/2013/02/28/apple-remains-worlds-most-admired-followed-by-google-and- amazon/

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 27

Economics - Essay Example The development of low-cost carriers is attributable to five factors: (1) market liberalization; (2) entrepreneurs; (3) population and relative wealth; (4) airport availability and capacity sold cheap; and (5) internet diffusion for ticket sales, liberating the distribution channel from control of travel agents (Cento, 2009). The greater competition ushered in a market-oriented approach to product optimization (Pels, Njegovan & Behrens, 2009). Industry structure is deduced from the number and size distribution of buyers and sellers, entry and exit conditions, product differentiation, vertical integration and diversification. For brevity, the more active UK airline companies are provided in Appendix A of this assignment, of which five are full-service, eleven are low-cost passenger, and the remaining five are exclusively cargo airlines. There is one more low-cost airline not shown on the non-exhaustive list, Ryanair, which performance shall be in the performance analysis. The distinction between full-service and low-cost airlines, however, are gradually blurring as several of the low-cost companies have turned hybrid, and full-service have aligned their services closer to the low-cost model (Gray, 2003). The number of UK airlines is not the determining factor for structure per se, because airline capacities vary in terms of routes and number of flights. Pels, Njegovan & Behrens (2009) provide the data on the following tables that show route distribution and share among the airlines and airports. It is understandable why Pryke (1987) said that considered ‘route-by-route, the airline industry is incurably oligopolistic’ (p.9). The sentiment is echoed by Button (1989, p. 197) when he said, ‘The key point is not how many airline companies serve the market, but rather the degree and nature of competition which exists between them.† The foregoing tables suggest that airlines operating out of major cities would tend to benefit more from

Social Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Social Media - Assignment Example A legally astute marketer greatly reduces the transaction costs by forming strong relationships with the company’s customers and by taking timely judgments. However, operating in the cyberspace has its own risks and thus, legalities apply. The most common risk is that relating to intellectual property that may be misused against the terms of the licenses. In such cases, knowledge about legal tools helps in the protection of intellectual properties and other copyright data. A major risk of operating in the cyberspace is the generation of negative electronic word of mouth (eWOM). While social media outlets are great places to promote businesses and products for a low investment, they may sometimes even produce unintended outcomes. The presence of social media on the internet allows messages to travel fast in almost buzz-like fashion (Cheung and Thadani, 2010). In such a case, negative product reviews from discontent customers may hurt the brand image and may also discourage potential customers from buying. The situation calls for a dispute resolution strategy where customer dissonance is resolved and feedback is taken as to the improvement of a company’s product or services. Many businesses often dedicate exclusive feedback email addresses or hotlines in order to resolve the customer strives. Perhaps it is more sensible to deal with such complaints outside social media channels so as to prevent the spread of negative eWOM that may prove damaging to the customer-business relationship. Social media has changed how transactions occur over the internet and how audiences are engaged. Many of such consumer transactions now occur over state lines where the federal government is involved. Since most of social data, such as that on Twitter, is real time data the federal government can analyze such data in order to respond to them. The federal government Federal Social Media Community of Practice (2013) has introduced

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 74

Assignment Example concept that was created in the Twentieth Century, and it stresses on the decentralization of government powers, but not equal sharing of government responsibilities between local, state and federal institution and agencies (Grant 257). This implies that both federal and state governments are concurrently independent and interdependent with a common region of financial resources and functions. Therefore, it is difficult for a single government to accumulate all the powers. The courts affect the sovereignty of the state particularly when the laws are unconstitutional (Grant 257). However, the most significant question is who determines what is unconstitutional. The state authority usually has the power to declare any Congress’ law unconstitutional by using the right reasoning method. Additionally, the primary function of a state government is to protect its citizens and their common good. State Court judges usually swear to uphold the constitution while federal court judges do not. Poor states cannot offer benefits that rich states can provide, yet state citizens whether poor or rich are equally considered as American citizens. National citizenship is responsible for addressing these inequalities. Another example is that cooperative federalism blurs the thin line between national and state responsibility (Grant 261). This encourages people to express their interest at the government level that offer the best opportunity of success. Yes. This is because early supporters of Washington Administration were known as Federalists because they advocated for a strong national government that outweighed state governments (Grant 261). Those who were in the opposition became Republicans since they felt that a strong national government would undermine the functions of states’ governments, which forms the United States of America. Federalists then became what is presently known as democrats. Even in the current U.S. government, the democrats are in the government while

Nestle Australia Is Food And Drink Products Supplier Marketing Essay

Nestle Australia Is Food And Drink Products Supplier Marketing Essay 1- Introduction Launched in 1867, Nestle Australia Ltd is a supplier of food and drink products. It also provides a wide range of dairy milk products, noodles in many flavors, chocolate, frozen meals and coffees. Besides, it provides a variety of cold and hot drinks, light ice-creams and a variety of confectionery and bakery items. Nowadays, Nestle Australia offers catering services to cafes, restaurants, hotels and clubs. Other products that we will put a spot-on in this report are yogurts, fruit yogurts, and flavored milk and yogurts. Nestlà ©s brands include Kit Kat, Nescafe, Nestea, Ortega and Crunch. Nestle provides also pets foods such as Purina. The company launched a joint venture with General Mills in more than 80 countries. (One Source, 2009) History At the beginning Henri Nestle has developed milk for babies who are unable to drink and to feed from their mothers, after five years this product was sold around the world as a food for babies and old people. In 1906, Australian market became the second largest market for Nestle and was served by many of retailers and sales agents. The best achievement in Australian market was in 1934 by the invention of new product MILO. (Nestle, 2009) Nowadays, this product is sold in more than 30 countries with sales of more than half Billion Australian dollar. In 1999, Nestlà ©s head office in Sydney became the headquarter for Oceania region which includes Australia, New Zealand and Pacific islands. Principles and Values In the whole life of Nestle (135 years), Nestlà ©s basic approach to business was the foundation and the maintenance of long term values for consumers, shareholders, employees, society and community as a whole. Nestlà ©s major principal is to maintain a long term business improvement and development. (Nestle, 2009). Nestles major values are the following: Long term development Long term relationships Integration and reacting with different cultures The identification that customers earn information about the company besides the product that they bought Ethical values are basic requirements for our employees and senior line managers These values and principles have been translated into more than forty languages around the world, and it is must that all Nestles mangers should recognize and apply these values in their career lives, and these values are given by training to the new employees. Nestle Australia Nestle also is participating in the Oceanias community which is identified by its mixture and diversity of economic conditions, cultures, believes and tastes. We became a vital part in the community in which we activate as an employer and as a supplier to the local area. Besides, we were the leaders in many issues such as people health and environmental protection. As the largest food and beverage company in the world, we believe that we have a responsibility to customers and we are taking this responsibility seriously. We believe that people should live in a healthy style by doing sports, we are sponsoring many sports events and we are always encouraging people to get active. In addition, through our agreement with the Australian Institute of Sport, we are improving children to get their knowledge and to understand nutrition. Mission Statement When you read Nestles mission statement the following words jump to your mind: Research, good food, health and wellness. Our products bring to consumers the best tastes and pleasures. Research is the masterpiece of Nestles heritage and an important element for our companys future. We still know that there is some mysterious information about health and wellness had not been discovered yet, that is the reason that we are still searching for answers to bring Good Food for Good life. (Research. Nestle, 2009). Nestle Worldwide Today, with more than 480 factories and 265,000 employees in 87 countries in all over the world: Americas, Africa, Middle East, Europe and Australasia, Nestle is considered as the largest food and Beverage Company all over the world. Nestle Oceania in Australia, New Zealand and the pacific island is hiring more than 5,500 employees, with more than 20 factories and four distribution centers owned and managed by the company. Due to Nestlà ©s multinational reputation, and despite the tough market conditions not only in Australia but worldwide, and due to Nestlà ©s convenient place in Sydney and due to the high qualified employees and the brilliant companys strategy, Nestle dad been ranked number one among all food suppliers in Australian market in 2008 (Nielsen Report, 2008). In 2008, for Ice-cream, yoghurt and coffees categories, Nestlà ©s sales volume was more than AU$200m for each category. 5% Employees Turnover Rate More than 6,000 Brands and 10,000 Products More than 480 Factories in 87 Countries Over than 265,000 Employees Annual Sales more than 103 A$ billion World Leading Food and Beverage Company Nestle Figure1, Nestle Worldwide. Source: Nestle, Australia, 2009. 2- Situation Analysis 2.1- Internal Analysis Nestle Australia is considering the market leader in food and beverage sector in Australian market with overall sales more than , involved in more than 20 industries such as: Chocolates, yoghurts, ice cream, milk, dairy deserts coffee , confectionery and frozen meals. Nestle Australia has launched more than one hundred brands; Coffee Mate, Nescafe, Uncle Tobys, Nesquik, Maggi, Drumstick, Quality Street and Peters are only examples of Nestlà ©s brands in Australian market. Referring to Nielsons 2008 report, Nestle was ranking high among its competitors in ice cream, milk and yogurt fields which could be a very good indicator for launching our new product that we will discuss later in our marketing plan. Referring to the Retail Australias 2009 grocery magazine we will find the following: For Chilled Diary category, Nestle value share was about 14.2% in 2008 comparing by 16.8% for the previous year. For Dairy Desserts Category, Nestle value share was 25.2% comparing by 25.3% for the previous year For Chilled Diary category, Nestle value share was about 14.2% in 2008 comparing by 16.8% for the previous year. For Yoghurt category, Nestle value share was 11.8% in 2008 comparing by 15.8% for the year above. For Drinking Yoghurt, Nestle is not involved in this market yet, only the following companies are in this market : Yakult, Jalna , Bulla and some other small companies. As an overall trend, we could realize some declination for Nestlà ©s volume trend in some industries and categories. This decrease was a natural impact of the huge affect of the global financial crisis as we will describe in the next chapter .Due to this crisis, customers might buy some products instead of Nestlà ©s ones or they might even reducing their purchases for some items. 2.2- Macro Environmental Analysis (PEST Analysis) Economic After several years of flourish and high economic growth, The Australian economy suffered a lot in 2008, due to the huge effects of the economic global financial crisis. Australians GDP is declined; a reduction in job vacancies and a high rate of inflation, all these indicators could lead to an increasing in food and beverages prices See figures 2 3 for Australias GDP and Unemployment Rate in 2007, 2008 and Jun 2009. (GDP growth reached 2.7% in Jun 2008 comparing by 4.3% in Jun 2007) Figure2 Australias Unemployment Rate- Source: ABS, 2009 Figure3: Australias GDP Growth rate- Source: ABS, 2009 Social Despite the lack of confidence for Australian consumers, Australia becomes one of the most optimistic countries, as in 2008, Australia was ranking as one of the most confident countries all over the world with an index score 104, 20 points higher than the world average.. (Nielsen, 2008). Generally Retail growth in 2008, 2009 stays slow, and consumers became more carefully with their money, they spend more money for dining at- home like buying foods and drinks from supermarkets and they spend less money for out of home activities like cafes, restaurant and take-away shops. Despite the fact that supermarkets gained a good share with this new customers philosophy, total grocery sales have been declined in 2008. (Nielsen, 2008). The total retail sales growth reached 5.9% in august 2008 comparing by 7.5% for the same month in 2007. Comparing by 2007, the businesses such as cafes restaurants and takeaway Foods, had recorded the largest drop in turnover of 6.4%. One expectation of these supermarkets is Aldi. Customers preferred to go to Aldi due to the good prices in addition to the good quality there. Aldi, with share reaching more than 22% , had took many dollars away from huge chain supermarkets. Politics This part indicates legal and political situation in Australia. It includes: Taxation for raw materials bought overseas, employment laws, environmental regulations, political stability and competition regulations. . In my opinion, no other politics issues would affect the launching of our new product due to the currently stable politic situation that Australia is facing now, i.e. there is no war, no revolution or even no elections are affecting Australia at this moment Technological Besides the innovation and application of new technology such as the RFID (The Radio Frequency Identification) , the increase in price of raw materials and other supply chain costs could affect the launching of our new product. 2.3 Micro Analysis The Market If we take an overall view on grocery market last year. Referring to the 2008 Nielsen report we will realize these important following items: -An overall declining trend in grocery market, with sales growth 5.9% comparing by 7.5% as we mentioned before, which is a normal consequences due to the new situation; consumers tightening their belts -.Drinks and confectionery are only the two sectors that have achieved an increase in growth for 2008, with 3.3% and 7.5% respectively. -The largest growth achieved was in dairy sector by increasing more than 7.6%. The most important sector in this report is the Chilled Diary , since our new product( which we will discuss it in this chapter) is a sub category for the Chilled Diary part. In 2008, and despite the financial crisis, this sector achieved an AU$996.5m grocery value with an increase of 3.5% comparing by 2007. This indicator could be a high motivation for Nestle to increase its market share in this category (See Figure 4 5) Figures 4 5 : Australias Chilled Diary Market Corporate % Shares for 2008 2007 . Source: Australias grocery magazine, 2009. Referring to the above data, we could recognize that there is a large advantage for Nestle to increase the profit by investing in confectionery or drinks sectors, especially in dairies products. The Product Our new product would be categorized under the Drinking Yoghurts category. (We will discuss the product briefly in the next two chapters). The Drinking Yoghurts value market in 2008 reached a A$52.3m with an increase of 5.5% comparing by 2007. This market contains only 3 major companies; Yakult with 67.7% value share (The market leader in this category) Jalna with 10.6% value share Bulla with 4% value share And Private Label with 16.8% value share. Figure 7, Australias Drinking Yoghurt Market Corporate % Shares 2008 Source: Australias grocery magazine, 2009 After all the above reasons, we could conclude that there is a big opportunity for Nestle to enter this market and it would obtain a very competitive position among the other competitors. Target Market and Market Size In this market plan we will focus on: children, youths and adults which are the majority of Australian population. We will concentrate on both genders male and female and our market will be in the whole Australia and not in a specific city. Australias population at the beginning of 2009 was 21,644,000 persons. The children aged population (0-14 years) was about 19.8% of the total population and the working age population was about 67.4% (15-64 years) of the total population. (OECD Fact book, 2008). However, in our market plan, we will exclude the: 0-4 and 40-65 years population which means that we will try to attract from 50-60% of Australias population. Undoubtedly, some of the 40-65 years population would use our product. However, they will not be potential customers as the mentioned ones. 2.4. S.W.O.T. Analysis -Strengths Market Leader in the industry Good quality image and high brand awareness A high growth rate in the desired market A huge product lines Parent Support An international team working behind the plans achievement A very-well trained employees in all companys department A supply chain management to serve the whole country Weakness New market forNestle Unstable economic conditions: Decline in GDP growth rate and high inflation and unemployment rate. Customers are tightening their belts Exciting competitors Opportunities A huge market size An identified target market No large multinational size competitors Increase in sales and profits Increase in total Australias market share Increase in product line An opportunity to export the product to many countries around the world Threats Segments are shared by competitors Uncertain circumstances could affect our sales Misunderstanding of the product Poor advertising campaign due to the market conditions An unexpected drop in the confectionery and drinks markets. 3-Product Launch The product launch is the most important part of this market plan. As we discussed in the previous chapter, we are going to launch a drinking yoghurt product. So why did we choose this product specifically? If we take a quick view on Nestle share value in yoghurt and chilled diary industry we would realize the following: In Chilled Diary category, Nestle value share was about 14.2% in 2008 comparing by 16.8% for the previous year. In Yoghurt category, Nestle value share was 11.8% in 2008 comparing by 15.8% for the year above. It is very easy to recognize that Nestle is facing a problem in these above sectors for the last year. We all know that all companies now are facing financial problems and markets are unstable and nowadays many customers are tightening their belts. However, these two markets had an increase in their value rate for the last year with 3.5% value increase for Chilled Diaries and 5.9% increase for yoghurt products comparing by 2007. (Australias Grocery Magazine, 2009) Also, referring to the Australias Grocery Magazine, some of Nestlà ©s competitors such as Diary framers had achieved an increase in value share According to the above, Nestle is facing a small problem in this market, so how to solve this problem? The answer is including many possibilities. We could reduce our prices, we could increase our market share by an increase in production, and we could modify our advertising and promotion activities. In addition, there is another plan. We could enlarge our share in Chilled Diary category by launching a new product in a subcategory which is the Drinking Yoghurts. If we achieve this plan we could gain a higher market share, increase our sales and profits, enter a new market segment and finally we will gain new customers. The Drinking Yoghurt market is facing a good condition these days; by an increasing 5.5% in value share in 2008 with a grocery value reached more than AU$50m , which means that this market is gaining new customers day by day and despite the unstable market situation, the drinking yoghurt market is in a developing trend. Nestle is already producing chilled diaries, yoghurts and fruit yoghurts so many product lines are ready for the launching of the new product. Also, Nestle is already gaining a high-ranking in the grocery market, therefore all shipping, transportation, supply chain, deliver products to supermarkets could be handled easily. Yoogo would be the brand name of our new product. We will launch the product at the beginning with three flavors; Yoogo Mango, Yoogo Strawberry and Yoogo Apricot. After three years of market and sales observation, we will launch a new Light Yoogo, which will be Fat Free drinking yoghurt for people who care more about their health and lifestyle. Yoogos ingredients could contain the following: Milk, Skim Milk, Fruit Preparation; mango or strawberry or apricot, and approved flavors and colors. Undoubtedly, Yoogo would face a high competition when it enters the market. ( We will discuss this later in the next two chapters). However , the main competitive brands would be yakult with 67.7% and Jalna with only 10.6% value shares in 2008. (Australias Grocery magazine, 2008). However, Nestle could produce the product and gain a high position among these brands. (We will discuss this later in the next two chapters). 4-Market Strategy Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning To gain a desirable position among all competitors in customers minds, we will segment our market on two bases: -Demographic Segmentation Geographic Segmentation Demographic Segmentation We are targeting customers depending on their ages. As we mentioned before, we will focus on: children, youths and adults which are the majority of Australian population, we will exclude the: 0-4 and 40-65 years population which means that we will try to attract from 50-60% of Australias population. This is a very huge segment as we are focusing on more than half of the countrys population. Furthermore, we believe that any of these segmented people, with any sex, income, occupation would use our product as it is not a luxury product using by specific customers. Undoubtedly, we will vary our advertising campaign for each generation, i.e. the advertising campaign for children will be different than the youths one. Otherwise, we will make a small bottle for children (150 ml) and a large one for adults (300ml). Geographic Segmentation We will divide Australia as geographically basis to zones and each distributor would be responsible for each zone. E.g. We will divide Australia to five zones: Vic, NSW, WA, SA and Queensland Each company when launching a new product desires a high profit margin, large sales volume, high growth rate. However, we will concentrate more in achieving a long-run high profit and sales instead of the short-run ones. We believe that there are some requirements for effective segmentation: Measurability, Accessibility, Substantiality and Actionability. (Kotler et al, 2007) Our team will work hard to meet all of these requirements We consider that we will face a huge competition and we will face also the threat of substitute products. However, we will do our best to cover our market targeting by maximum three years and to be the market leader for this category in maximum five years. Our plan is to gain more than 55% of supermarket shelves in five years. We realize that this is a very hard mission, but we will try to achieve it by three main steps: Understanding our marketing segments- Maintaining an advertising and promotion plans- -Launching Yoogo with a reasonable price according to the company and according to our consumers.(we will discuss the price part later in Marketing Mix Strategy) Also, we will try to gain a competitive position in customers minds based on the following two concepts: Nestle Family Brand The Nestle family brand is showing care and safety to consumers and this is a very good reason to attract the customer. Communication Due to Nestlà ©s brand name, it is very easy to be in touch.with our customers 5-Marketing Mix strategy: Product Our product is a Fruit drinking Yoghurt with three flavors; Mango, Strawberry and Apricot. We will make two sizes, 150 and 300 ml. The gradients would be described as following: Milk, Skim Milk, Fruit Preparation; mango or strawberry or apricot, and approved flavors and colors (We had discussed the product more briefly in chapter 3) Price In launching this product we could use one of these two pricing methods: Cost- based pricing: Calculating the price by adding a mark-up to the cost of the product. (Kotler et al, 2007) Going-rate pricing: Calculating the price basis on competitors prices, with less attention to our cost or to the market demand. (Kotler et al, 2007) Value-based pricing: Calculating the price basis on buyers perception of value, with less attention to the sellers cost. (Kotler et al, 2007). In Nestle, we use the cost-based pricing method: Unit cost = variable cost + (unit fixed cost à · unit sales) Unit price= unit cost à · (1- desired return on sales) We determine our prices basis of the following objectives: Profit: For any company the most important issue is the profit earning, however, as we are launching a new product, we do believe that we will not gain a high profit margin at least for the first three years Consumer Satisfaction: The most essential factor when determining the price is our customers satisfaction towards our products and prices. Place We will divide Australia to 5 zones; Victoria, NSW, SA, WA, and Queensland. However, we will try to promote Yoogo everywhere, in every small and large city in Australia. Customers will find Yoogo in hypermarkets such as Coles, Woolworths and Aldi, in medium size supermarkets such as IGA and even in small supermarkets such as Seven Eleven. Customers would find Yoogo in cafes, restaurants, hotels cinemas and beaches. In addition, Yoogo is a healthy fruity drink, so you can find it also at hospitals. This plan is a little bit hard to be achieved. However, with the well-established supply chain management in Nestle and with the very good relationships with suppliers, retailers and resellers, we could achieve this plan within maximum three years. Promotion Promotion is the activities that represent the value of the product and encourage customers to buy it. In our marketing campaign and promotion we will tray to reach every body every where. We will do advertising campaigns in newspapers, radio, streets and television. Seeing that the survey research is the most widely method for collecting primary data, before launching the product we will perform a marketing survey research; we will go to clubs, streets and schools. Also, we will implement an online marketing research to collect primary data through online focus groups, using the integration of animation such as; audio, video and virtual environment would help us to overcome any limitations. We will try to select a sample of the population that has been selected, ask those questions about the product and the company and depending on the results of this research, we will implement our advertising campaign. We will support our promotion campaign basis on these four methods: A-Individual Selling: In this campaign, we will implement a direct selling activity especially during the summer months of November, December, January and February. Our team will go to club and beaches to meet our target segments there, they will wear t-shirts and caps with Nestle and Yoogos logos, and they will sell our Yoogos 150 ml bottle. By applying this innovative idea, we hope that our brand will get a great vision in terms of image, sales and brand awareness. B-Sales Promotion: Besides personnel selling, we will implement some sales promotion plans. At the beginning of the product launching, we will go to streets and malls, we will offer free 150ml trial bottles to customers, we will encourage them to try our product and to give us their feedback by email or even by phone. In addition, we will offer a 150ml bottle free with the purchasing of three 300ml bottles. Adding to this trade promotion, we will give the retailer an addition discount 5% during our sales promotion. Our marketing team will implement a major healthy and education campaign about the importance of the product, our team will focus on the concept that our product is a healthy one. Invitations would be sent to parents of school children to attend these seminars. This could help us to improve our brands image in consumers minds. C-Public Relations: Public relation is one of the most important factors in all multinational companies promotions. Every year, Nestle is launching its annual report containing information for shareholders and stockholders. In addition, a large amount of information regarding our product and our promotion would be found in newsletters and magazines issued by Nestle Australia. This promotion would obviously lend a hand in formation of the awareness of our brand.

Jewish Christian Relations Essay -- essays research papers

While we speak about the tenuous relationship between Christians and Jews dating back to the time of Christ, the seeds for the schism within Judaism may have been planted more than 500 years prior. Jeremiah was one of a group of distinguished prophets whose works became part of the Old Testament canon. The Jewish "wisdom" prophets lectured, warned and blamed all who would listen about the sins of their own people, the resulting punishments that God had prescribed for them, and what they had to do to get back into God's good graces. Some prophets targeted Jewish monarchs as an idolatrous distraction which prevented the people from properly hearing the Word of God. Other prophets still maintained that Jews should continue to believe that God would not abandon his chosen people. Regardless of the specific message, it was clear that the overall prophetic approach to God’s covenant with the Jewish people was changing. "A good century after the return from Exile...the doctrine of retribution, of God's righteousness, which rewards and punishes...had been shattered," said Catholic theologian Hans Kung in his book Judaism: Between Yesterday and Tomorrow (Kung 113). In the passage quoted from Jeremiah above, the prophet is predicting that a new covenant would be formed between God and his people, an agreement that would supersede the pact made between Moses and God upon Sinai and at the Red Sea. The first covenant, Jeremiah indicated, would become null and void because of the sins of the Jewish people. The new covenant would absolve these sins and reaffirm God's fidelity to his people. "This famous prophecy provides the foundation and the core of the central theological teaching of the New Testament," said The Collegeville Bible Commentary on the Old Testament. "It underlies, but without explicit references, much of the 'new life' theology of St. John and is central to the teaching of Jesus in John's Last Supper discourse." (Collegeville 469). While Jeremiah is interpreted from many perspectives, some early Christian apologists proof-texted his words as an indication that the Jews had been cast aside by God because they had not remained faithful to Him and his Mosaic covenant. Jesus of Nazareth was the fulfillment of Jeremiah's prophesies, so some claimed, and the Jews would remain shunned and doom... ...0/18/97). In fairness, over the first 1900 years after the Jewish schism, not all of Catholic and Christian attitudes toward Jews were uniformly oppressive. For limited periods of time, there were tolerable conditions in some countries for people of the Jewish faith. There were also some Catholic leaders who found ways to show tolerance and understanding toward the Jews. It also must be noted that there was, conversely, contempt in word, writings, and deeds displayed by rabbinical Judaism toward Christians during these centuries as well. Recent efforts by Jewish historians such as David Biale of Berkeley emphasize the success, achievements, and power bases that Jews did have at various points during this time period (Kung page 159.) Although it predominates its history, the Jewish heritage is not simply one of continual suffering, persecution, and subservience. Nonetheless, the majority of available historical evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that theologically-fueled anti-Semitism prevailed during the nineteen centuries following Christ's death, and many of these attitudes and persecutions provided logical segues which led up to 20th century European anti-Semitic atrocities.

Hersheys Chocolate Essay

Hershey’s company originated with candy-manufacturer Milton Hershey’s decision in 1894 to produce sweet chocolate as a coating for his caramels. Located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the new enterprise was named the Hershey Chocolate Company. In 1900, the company began producing milk chocolate in bars, wafers and other shapes. With mass production, Hershey was able to lower the per-unit cost and make milk chocolate, once a luxury item for the wealthy, affordable to all. A company on the move. The immediate success of Hershey’s low-cost, high-quality milk chocolate soon caused the company’s owner to consider increasing his production facilities. He decided to build a new chocolate factory amid the gently rolling farmland of south-central Pennsylvania in Derry Township, where he had been born. Close to the ports of New York and Philadelphia that supplied the imported sugar and cocoa beans needed, surrounded by dairy farms that provided the milk required, and the location was perfect. By the summer of 1905, the new factory was turning out delicious milk chocolate. New products, hard times. Throughout the next two decades, even more products were added to the company’s offerings. These included MR. GOODBAR Candy Bar (1925), HERSHEY’S Syrup (1926), HERSHEY’S chocolate chips (1928) and the KRACKEL bar (1938). Despite the Great Depression of the 1930s, these products helped the newly incorporated Hershey Chocolate Corporation maintain its profitability and avoid any worker layoffs. HERSHEY’S chocolate goes to war. With the outbreak of World War II, the Hershey Chocolate Corp. (which had provided milk chocolate bars to American doughboys in the first war) was already geared up to start producing a survival ration bar for military use. By the end of the war, more than a billion Ration D bars had been produced and the company had earned no less than five Army-Navy â€Å"E† Production Awards for its exceptional contributions to the war effort. In fact, the company’s machine shop even turned out parts for the Navy’s antiaircraft guns. A family friend becomes a family member. The postwar period saw the introduction of a host of new products and the acquisition of an old one. Since 1928, H.B. â€Å"Harry† Reese’s Candy Company, also located in Hershey, had been making chocolate-covered peanut butter cups. Given that Hershey Chocolate Company supplied the coating for REESE’S â€Å"penny cups,† (the wrapper said, â€Å"Made in Chocolate Town, So They Must Be Good†), it was not surprising that the two companies had a good relationship. As a result, seven years after Reese’s death in 1956, the H.B. Reese Candy Company was sold to Hershey Chocolate Corp. Growing up and branching out. The following decades would see the company – renamed Hershey Foods Corporation in 1968 – expanding its confectionery product lines, acquiring related companies and even diversifying into other food products. Among the many acquisitions were San Giorgio Macaroni and Delmonico Foods (1966); manufacturing and marketing rights to English candy company Rowntree MacKintosh’s products (1970); Y&S Candies, makers of TWIZZLERS licorice (1977); Dietrich Corp.’s confectionery operations (1986); Peter Paul/Cadbury’s U.S. confectionery operations (1988); and Ronzoni Foods (1990). The Hershey Company enters a new century. Today, The Hershey Company is the leading North American manufacturer of chocolate and non-chocolate confectionery and grocery products. As the new millennium begins, The Hershey Company continues to introduce new products frequently and take advantage of growth opportunities through acquisitions. HERSHEY’S products are known and enjoyed all over the world. In fact, the company exports to over 90 countries. The Hershey Company remains committed to the vision and values of the man who started it all so many years ago. A New Company: 1894 In the beginning, the Hershey Chocolate Company was simply a wholly owned subsidiary of Milton Hershey’s Lancaster Caramel Company. Using chocolate-making equipment purchased at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago, the company produced baking chocolate, cocoa and sweet chocolate coatings for the parent company’s caramels. But things changed with the hiring of William Murrie to sell the excess product to other confectioners. Murrie was so successful a salesman that the Hershey Chocolate Company quickly turned into a viable concern on its own. Milton Hershey became even more convinced that his future in the candy business lay in chocolate, not caramels. Sweet Chocolate Novelties: 1895 – 1909 By 1895, the Hershey Chocolate Company was manufacturing 114 different items in all sorts of sizes and shapes. Many were flavored with vanilla and given luxurious-sounding names like LeRoi de Chocolate, Petit Bouquets and Chocolate Croquettes. Chocolate â€Å"segars† and cigarettes were also quite popular. Some chocolate cigarettes and cigars, such as Vassar Gems and Smart Set Cigarettes, were purposely marketed to women as an alternative to the tobacco variety. Chocolate was also touted as a source of quick energy for athletes. The Baby in the Bean: 1898 On August 1, 1898, the company adopted a very distinctive symbol for its trademark. The small child in a cocoa bean pod appeared on cans of HERSHEY’S COCOA up until 1936, when it was finally replaced by the block lettering familiar today. The â€Å"Baby in the Bean† went through many incarnations, sometimes holding a cup of cocoa, sometimes a chocolate bar. Even the child’s hair and facial expression underwent changes over the years. The logo symbol was finally retired in 1968, when the company was reorganized as Hershey Foods Corporation. Finding the Formula: 1895 – 1904 While his company was successful enough selling sweet chocolate products, Milton Hershey was certain the real market lay in milk chocolate. The problem was in developing a formula for manufacturing it cheaply and efficiently, while still maintaining a high level of quality. Hershey built a milk-processing plant on the family farm in Derry Township in 1896 and spent the next several years developing a viable formulation for milk chocolate. Hershey worked day and night, going back and forth between the condensing room and the creamery, rarely even stopping for meals. Finally, in 1899, he cracked the recipe and became the first American to manufacture milk chocolate. Hershey Goes to Cuba: 1916 With the onset of World War I, the European beet sugar, which Hershey had been using to make his milk chocolate, became increasingly scarce. So, searching for a more dependable source, Milton Hershey started acquiring cane sugar plantations and constructing refineries in Cuba. Typically, he also established a planned community for the workers, called Central Hershey, based on the Pennsylvania model. Hershey’s Cuban holdings eventually included 60,000 acres of land, five mills, a 251-mile railroad and, not surprisingly, a school for orphaned children. By the end of World War II, the company found it no longer needed its Cuban sources, and its sugar and railway interests were sold to the Cuban-Atlantic Sugar Company. Expanding and Innovating. Stepping Stones Many Hershey products that are familiar today were originally produced for the confectionary trade and were later reformulated for consumers. HERSHEY’S powdered cocoa, for example, has been manufactured continuously since 1894. Also, Hershey was the first to sell chocolate syrup for home use beginning in 1926. Not all products under the HERSHEY brand were so successful in the marketplace. HERSHEY’S mint-flavored chewing gum, introduced in 1915, enjoyed only brief popularity. And a creation named the Not-So-Sweet bar was introduced in 1934, only to be discontinued in 1937. A Kiss and Tell Story Of course, the very first addition to the HERSHEY’S product line of milk chocolate confections was HERSHEY’S KISSES Chocolates way back in 1907. Originally, each one was hand-wrapped in a square of silver foil, but in 1921 machine wrapping was introduced, along with the addition of the unique â€Å"plume† which marked it as a genuine HERSHEY’S KISSES Chocolate. The chocolates were not produced at all from 1942 through 1949 due to the rationing of silver foil during and immediately after World War II. HERSHEY’S KISSES Chocolates were wrapped in colors other than silver for the first time in 1962. HERSHEY’S KISSES with almonds were introduced in 1990 and the first successful HERSHEY’S product using white chocolate, HERSHEY’S HUGS, in 1993. Sweet Inventions Two of the most successful products launched during ‘20s were the MR. GOODBAR and KRACKEL bars. MR. GOODBAR, combining milk chocolate and peanuts, was introduced in November of 1925. According to popular legend, Milton Hershey himself named the new product. Upon tasting it, he is said to have exclaimed, â€Å"Now, that’s a good bar!† The KRACKEL bar was introduced on September 14, 1938. During its first few years, the formula for the confection changed several times, with almonds, and then peanuts, being included along with crisped rice in milk chocolate. Finally, the nuts were eliminated altogether in 1943, leaving the crispy milk chocolate recipe enjoyed by millions ever since. Mr. Reese and his Cups In 1923, a former Hershey employee named H.B. Reese decided to start his own candy company out of the basement of his home. He made several different kinds of candy, but it wasn’t until five years later that he hit upon his greatest idea: a confection of peanut butter covered by milk chocolate (purchased, incidentally, from the Hershey Chocolate Company). During World War II, he discontinued his other product lines and concentrated on producing only REESE’S peanut butter cups. Despite its dependence on only a single product, Reese’s company prospered, and in 1963 the H.B. Reese Candy Company was purchased by the Hershey Chocolate Corporation. Since then, the REESE’S product line has grown to include REESE’S PIECES candies, the NUTRAGEOUS candy bar and REESESTICKS. Going to War The Ration D Bar The U.S. Army’s requirements were quite specific. For troops engaged in a global war, they needed a ration bar that weighed about four ounces, would not melt at high temperatures, was high in food energy value, and did not taste so good that soldiers would be tempted to eat it except in an emergency. This last objective in particular was certainly a new one for the Hershey Chocolate Corporation. Nevertheless, its chocolate technologists came up with something that passed all tests. Named â€Å"Field Ration D,† it was so successful that by the end of 1945, approximately 24 million bars were being produced every week. More successful still was HERSHEY’S Tropical Chocolate Bar, a heat resistant bar with an improved flavor developed in 1943. In 1971, this bar even went to the moon with Apollo 15. Growing Global Advertising to the Nation Except for a TV and billboard campaign in Canada in 1964, the company had never really done advertising on a national scale. In 1968, the newly renamed and reorganized Hershey Foods Corporation announced plans for a nationwide consumer advertising campaign spearheaded by the famous Ogilvy & Mather ad agency. Starting with a Sunday newspaper supplement in July, 1970, followed two months later by television and radio commercials, the campaign was an immediate success. Sales of REESE’S peanut butter cups and HERSHEY’S KISSES Chocolates, in particular, rose dramatically. But while the company today continues to advertise in all media, the quality of our products is still our best form of advertising. Milton Hershey would have liked that. E.T. Makes a Good Choice In the early 1980s, Hershey executive Jack Dowd met with Hollywood producer Steven Spielberg and struck a deal to include REESES’S PIECES candy in Spielberg’s upcoming film, E.T.: The Extraterrestrial. When Hershey Chocolate Company President Earl Spangler first saw the movie’s promotional materials, he told Dowd, â€Å"That’s the ugliest creature I’ve ever seen.†After its successful premiere, the movie was screened by the company’s managers and top brass. When the film ended, there was first silence, then wild applause. Like many others, Spangler emerged from the theater with moist eyes. â€Å"Is he still ugly, Earl?† Dowd asked. Replied the company president, â€Å"He’s beautiful!† Both the lovable alien and his candy of choice became instant hits nationwide. Hershey Goes International In addition to being the leading producer of chocolate and non-chocolate confectionary and other grocery products in North America, The Hershey Company also carries on a significant international presence with operations in more than 90 different countries. Hershey’s International division exports HERSHEY’S chocolate and grocery products worldwide and maintains licensing agreements with partners in nations such as South Korea, Japan, the Philippines and Taiwan. We don’t believe Milton Hershey would have been at all surprised to learn that his HERSHEY’S KISSES Chocolates are especially popular in Japan. Top of the Charts Through unceasing technological modernization, strategically astute acquisitions and continued new product development, The Hershey Company grew spectacularly in the last 30 years of the 20th century. From $334 million in 1969, the company’s net sales soared to $4.4 billion in 2004. The Hershey Company is the leading North American manufacturer of quality chocolate and non-chocolate confectionery and chocolate-related grocery products. The company also is a leader in the gum and mint category.

Fairytales May Convey a Hidden Message

As innocent as they seem, from the cute fairytales of Cinderella and her submissive character to the passionate story of Beauty and the Beast, a maiden who falls in love with a beast, the true meaning that lies beneath the pretty shell delivers a different message to children. The idea of the â€Å"traditional† role of women is constantly portrayed in many fairytales. Fairytales, although fantasy-like, still resemble aspects of the world and throughout history, women were considered inferior to men. †¦it is a fair assumption that in a world dominated by men, the fairy tale reflects the world as defined and organized by men†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Oliver 86). Stories such as The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Anderson, Cinderella and Snow White by the Grimm’s Brothers, and Beauty and the Beast (La Belle et la Bete) by Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbet de Villeneuve, emphasize the different inequalities between men and women. â€Å"Girls in Fairyland do not triumph over male s; they obey. † (Oliver 86). An envious step-mother, a mistreated heroine, and a granted wish to go to the ball may not be the only meanings presented in the fairytale of Cinderella. A dangerous message sent to children, especially for young girls, is to be passive till a rescuer (in this case, Cinderella’s mother) to arrive and grant their wishes. Although obedience is a valuable lesson to be learned, Cinderella continues to be submissive to the extent which she is relentlessly abused by her step- mother. Yet, eventually, her passive role is rewarded and as a result, she lives happily ever after with her noble prince. †¦toying with the Cinderella motif, Gardner explodes the notion that every woman is simply waiting for a prince to come along and save her. † (Zipes A32). However, this message taught can be subconsciously embedded into children’s minds and during the periods of maturation, children will have the thought that suffering quietly will ultimately be rewarded. â€Å"While it m ay be true that fairytales offer metaphors for the unconscious (an argument as difficult to prove as to disprove) it is clear that they can affect cognition and belief. As the child absorbs environmental data, learns language, and develops cognition, she begins to say something to herself and about the world and her place in it. † (Oliver 86). Cinderella not only presents the idea of passiveness and femininity, but a message that step – mothers are evil. Throughout many fairytales, step – mothers, old, wise women are wicked and are meant to be overthrown or be rid of. â€Å"â€Å"Cinderella† is the supreme statement of the devastating nature of a parent’s [mother’s] unresolved and destructively acted out oedipal jealousy of a child. (Bettelheim 307). The oedipal mother acts out to destroy the daughter, but later, the daughter is rescued by a man from the evil. Everywhere in â€Å"Fairyland†, the domineering mother is set out to demolish the offspring. Eventually, the step-mother loses her power when trying to intimidate and becomes â€Å"silly†. (Bettelheim 307). Although many fairytales, inclu ding Cinderella, portray the mother in charge as tyrannical, it’s also common to see children having good relationships with their fathers as in Beauty and the Beast. Belle, the main character, has a close bond with her father unlike Cinderella, who poses as a threat to her step-mother. Not only does Belle share a good relationship with her father, but there is no mother figure in the fairytale. (Bettelheim 307). â€Å"†¦the girl’s oedipal father is the gentle, protective, loving man who hands her over to an acceptable suitor at the appropriate time. † (Oliver 87). Many fairytales other than Beauty and the Beast show the father as a caring man, while, on the other hand, mothers tend to have jealous, destructive feelings towards their children. Oliver 87). With the â€Å"loving father† and the â€Å"envious mother†, the message sent to children can be misleading and one-sided. Another example of the â€Å"wicked step-mother† is illustrated in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The innocent beauty, Snow White, and her feminine charms are similar to the common house wife by doing chores around the house while mai ntaining a certain image of perfection and beauty. Her step-mother is in â€Å"competition† with Snow White; activeness and power versus submissiveness and obedience. The competition between Snow white and the queen turns into a struggle for survival between two halves of a single personality: passivity and tractability as opposed to inventive and subversive activism. † (Barzilai 520). Once again, another fairytale shows the rivalry which the mother figure is set to destroy the daughter. The over-assertive woman (in this case, the queen) is represented as an envious monster. â€Å"The queen is characterized throughout in unremittingly negative terms: she is most often deemed â€Å"wicked†, but she is also proud, overbearing, and envious. (Barzilai 520). There are many examples in â€Å"Fairyland† which give a bad reputation towards the step-mother or the mother figure. Beauty and the Beast is a popular fairytale about a girl who falls in love with a beast and in return the beast becomes her prince. Luckily, for Belle, the beast’s true nature was a compassionate, kind- hearted man. However, it may not be the situation in the average lives of women who are constantly abused by their spouses. Young girls receive from this romantic love story that love will eventually change their partners. (Mangan 10). Beauty and the Beast, for example, is said to foster the notion that love can alter the nature of a man and make early absorbers of the information more inclined to stay with a violent partner in the hope that she can change his behaviour. † (Mangan 10). Fairytales deliver unrealistic ideas to young children, which send false hopes that can be hazardous. Little Mermaid, a young mermaid who risks all for her prince but suffers tragically in the end, conveys a message to young girls that in order to gain the love of a prince, one must sacrifice all and expect love in return. Still, any cursory sweep through childhood stories w ill reveal further examples of submissive women who were implicitly or explicitly offered up as role models during our formative years†¦The little mermaid who sacrifices her home, family and fishy tail for a crack at the oxygen-breathing prince. † (Mangan 10). In the fairytale, the young mermaid’s tail was traded for a pair of legs, but whenever she would walk, it struck her pain. She suffers throughout the story whenever she was asked to dance for the prince. Although the prince did not love her in return, the little mermaid continued to love him and was granted a soul. However, consequently, she became one with the sea or sea foam as punishment for not wedding the prince on time. Another example of inequality between the genders, why must the heroine suffer for the one she loves. There are many examples in â€Å"Fairyland† that convey the inequalities between genders. The step – mothers and the old witches are viewed as evil, overly- jealous women seeking destruction while the fathers and wise men are caring and compassionate. Cinderella, Snow White and Beauty and the Beast illustrate the different relationships between the heroine and her parents. Not only were women â€Å"evil† but the good ones were meant to be submissive and obedient. Cinderella’s passive example is later on rewarded which can deliver a misleading message to young girls. The Little Mermaid clearly points that she had to sacrifice all for her love. Beauty and the Beast is very dangerous for young girls that love will change their spouses. The innocent story which children for ages grew up to may not be innocent after all. Works Cited Barzilai, Shuli. Reading â€Å"Snow White†: The Mother’s Story. † Signs 15. 3 (1977): 274-300. Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. New York: Random House, Inc. 1976. Mangan, Lucy. â€Å"G2: Women: Happily never after: Comatose princesses, submissive floor-scrubbers and evil stepmothers may not be the best of role models. à ¢â‚¬  The Guardian 2 May 2005: 10. Oliver, Rose. â€Å"Whatever Became of Goldilocks? † Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 2. 3 (1977): 85-93. Zipes, Jack. â€Å"Children’s Books; Kissing Off Snow White. † The New York Times 22 Mar. 1987: A32. ———————– 1 2

English Summer Project Essay Essay Example

English Summer Project Essay Essay Example English Summer Project Essay Essay English Summer Project Essay Essay Connor Johanning English Summer Project A-2 Mrs. Razor The theme for my literacy is that everything has a connection. Such as during the summer, when I was on twitter I saw things regarding the shooting in the movie theater. I also saw news headlines on the subject along with facebook posts. At the time I was reading The City of Bones which is a book about violence and action and heroes. The connection between the book and the news was violence, violence is everywhere today, it has become ingrained in our civilization and is becoming a more regular thing. Back in the 1800s news of shootings outside of war was a very big deal. Nowadays, school shootings go nearly unnoticed after a couple of days, and no one seems to notice that in 24 hours 24 people were killed in shootings in the city of Chicago alone. Violence is a connection that can be seen in nearly everything today. During the school year while I was reading my assignments I noticed it said that hard work pays off in the long run, and that we should work hard once we are assigned a project instead of waiting until the last minute to do the project. I also saw that in the news there was an article on how hard work in school can help you improve your future life both financially and mentally. Hard work can prepare you for any task that would be hard to do. Hard work is connecting the assignment with the news. There is always a connection between two articles of writing, all literature is intertwined somewhere somehow in our minds. Something I noticed throughout this project is that I tend to read less formally in the summer, because there are less guidelines as far as reading. I can connect this to a web article that claimed that in the summer kids lose about 65-75% of all knowledge they gained over the school year. I found this claim very surprising yet I also find it understandable. Most children are not going to review notes during the summer to review for next years french courses or go over grammatical rules for fun. This is why summer projects are important to the curriculum. They give kids constructive work to do over the summer break that helps them retain some nowledge and habits they gained from last years classes. The last connection that I saw in everything I read was knowledge. In nearly everything people are trying to gain more knowledge. Whether it be the cure for a disease such as cancer or where the closest gas station is, people, whether they know it or not, are constantly consuming information in all ways. People learn from the news where the traffic Jams and road construction zones are. On twitter kids are finding out what everyone is doing and where people are going to hang out. On the web people are being fed information about anything they choose to look up, such as research on muscular dystrophy, or how old Micheal Jackson was when he started problem is people are less worried about retaining knowledge now that you can google anything you want. Connecting is a large part of literature as this project has shown me, I never thought that twitter could be connected to a book written 5 years ago, but never the less it can. Connections help us piece together everything we know, if we only have ne source of knowledge we cant expand that knowledge until further knowledge is gathered. If we have one book on a subject, we can read web articles that may or may not go into further detail, but may also point out other common facts not stated previously. Anything we see somewhere can be found elsewhere. The main connecting piece is our mind, which stores the information that we find and tells us how it shows up in other pieces of literature. Connections are made in everything and are what we use to gain and retain information.

Investment analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investment analysis - Assignment Example Efficient portfolio calls for an optimal investor to adopt an efficient combination of investment that minimizes the level of risk subject to returns on that investment. A major limitation is that the decisions on capital expenditure are based on the expectation, and no facts are available at the time of decision-making. Although information is the basis for decision-making, efficient portfolio creates another element of risk because it is not always true that the expected returns will actualize (Reilly 52). The investor, therefore, may undertake an investment with a higher expected return but in the end it yield unfavorable outcome. The concept of optimal portfolio does not take into account transaction cost and investors may not yearn to change their portfolio as often as the model suggests. Derivatives are instruments in finance whose characteristic and value depends upon the value and characteristic of an underlie such as a commodity, equity, bond or currency. These financial instruments include security derived from a debt instrument share, risk instrument, loan or contract for differences of any other type of security (Reilly 131). Derivative derives its value from the index of price of underlying securities. If the value of the underlying changes, the price of the derivative also changes. In nature, derivatives are not a product or commodity. The price of gold futures contract is obtained from the price of the underlying asset such as gold. The future outcome of all investable assets including derivatives is at stake and is based on so many uncertainties. The expected value of derivatives is faced with the risk and therefore there is a need to adjust these returns for risk giving rise to risk-neutral probabilities. The concept of risk neutrality pricing of derivatives generally means taking both long and short position in the derivatives market (Weaver 89). It does not depend on risk disposition of the investor. It takes into account the

What Makes a Good Leader (Organisational Behaviour) Essay

What Makes a Good Leader (Organisational Behaviour) - Essay Example In contemporary times, we tend to understand and relate to ‘leadership’ in relation to management of people for attaining specific goals. A comprehensive concept of leadership can be obtained by learning about Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States. This report evaluates Lincoln’s leadership qualities, as explained in literature on politics, history and management, in comparison with conventional and contemporary leadership theories. Methods: Numerous concepts and theories of leadership exist in the management literature. Northouse (2009) has clubbed various leadership theories into understandable concepts, which include the trait, management, skills, style, situation, transformational, authentic leadership, psychodynamic theory etc. In this report, Lincoln’s leadership based on these theories and perspectives is evaluated in a concise manner. Results: From skills perspective, Tarbell (2008) points out that Lincoln’s efforts in spee ch making started during his childhood and used to attend court sessions to learn law. He had the ability to attract crowds by initiating story telling acts, which were highly appreciated by the crowds. Lincoln was greatly drawn towards gaining knowledge and understanding of politics, history, as well as great leadership of people such as Washington (Charnwood, 2008). According to Curtis (1902), ‘Abraham Lincoln's originality, fearlessness, and self- confidence, his unerring perceptions of right and wrong, made him a leader and gave him an influence which other men did not have† (p.371). Northouse (2009) highlights five types of power that leaders exercise namely, referent, expert, legitimate, reward and coercive power, all of which were exercised by Lincoln. From leadership traits theory perspective, Lincoln’s leadership can be compared with Stodgill’s postulation of leadership traits (see appendix 1). In fact, Northouse (2009) explains that trait theories of leadership are based on the innate qualities and characteristics possessed by great leaders of the past, of which Lincoln is also one. The skills perspective emphasizes three main competencies, problem-solving skills, social judgment skills and knowledge. Abraham Lincoln’s skills of communicating, inspiring, immense knowledge and the way he handled the civil war are exemplary of his unmatchable leadership skills. His strategic way of handling the civil war after he was elected as the President paved successful ending of the war (Wilson, 2008), especially when he did not have any experience of handling war. Moreover, his knowledge, people connect, and ability to influence and inspire helped in this situation. Lincoln’s leadership style is believed to be flexible and also firm, and it depended upon the situation. Phillips (2007) explains that Lincoln was remarkably consistent during his Presidency, which was replicated to his cabinet members’ actions and decis ions. Here, he was also directive and encouraging. He encouraged involvement from others in critical decision making processes, especially those related to the civil war. Phillips (2007) explains, ‘Lincoln was a leader who would not and did not limit himself† (p.78); this indicates his flexibility and commitment towards his responsibilities and ambition. These two skills are considered as essential skills for leaders. On the leadership grid, proposed by Blake and Mouton, Lincoln can be placed in Team management grid because of